Learn Spanish Lesson and the Past Participle
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Mastering Spanish: The Past Participle
Overview
In this Spanish lesson, we delve into the Past Participle and its various applications. While this lesson is shorter than previous ones, mastering the Past Participle is crucial for speaking Spanish fluently. Its formation is straightforward, and much like English, it plays a vital role in many discussions.
What is the Past Participle?
The Past Participle in Spanish serves four key functions: describing past and present actions, and acting as adjectives. Though its uses are wide-ranging, understanding and applying each is simple with practice.
Formation
Forming the Past Participle is easy:
- For -ar verbs, add -ado to the stem.
- Example: hablar (to speak) becomes hablado.
- For -er and -ir verbs, add -ido to the stem.
- Example: beber (to drink) becomes bebido.
- Example: salir (to go out) becomes salido.
Examples
Here are examples for regular and irregular verbs:
Regular Past Participle
| Infinitive | Past Participle |
|------------------|-----------------|
| estar (to be) | estado |
| bailar (to dance)| bailado |
| cenar (to eat supper)| cenado |
| almorzar (to eat lunch)| almorzado |
| desayunar (to eat breakfast)| desayunado |
| limpiar (to clean)| limpiado |
| dar (to give) | dado |
| llorar (to cry) | llorado |
| llover (to drizzle)| lloviznado |
| tener (to have) | tenido |
| creer (to believe)| creído |
| leer (to read) | leído |
| querer (to want, to love)| querido |
| partir (to leave)| partido |
| ir (to go) | ido |
| vivir (to live) | vivido |
| dormir (to sleep)| dormido |
Irregular Past Participle
| Infinitive | Past Participle |
|------------------|-----------------|
| poner (to put) | puesto |
| ver (to see) | visto |
| volver (to return)| vuelto |
| resolver (to resolve)| resuelto |
| escribir (to write)| escrito |
| abrir (to open) | abierto |
| hacer (to make) | hecho |
| satisfacer (to satisfy)| satisfecho|
| morir (to die) | muerto |
| decir (to say) | dicho |
| cubrir (to cover)| cubierto |
Four Main Uses
1. Compound Tenses
In compound tenses, the Past Participle combines with the auxiliary verb haber (to have). We explored this in the lesson on the Present Perfect Tense to express ongoing past actions.- Example:
- Juana ha estado en su cuarto todo el día.
(Juana has been in her room all day.)
2. Passive Voice
The Past Participle follows ser or estar to form the passive voice, agreeing with the subject in gender and number.- Example:
- El papá de Diego está herido.
(Diego's father is hurt.)
3. As an Alternative Expression
Llevar and tener can replace haber in compound tenses. Here, agreement with gender and number is required.- Example:
- Tengo hecha la comida.
(I have made the food.)
4. As an Adjective
When functioning as an adjective, the Past Participle must agree in gender and number with the noun.- Example:
- Un vestido hecho a mano
(A dress made by hand)
Practice Exercises
Translate the following into Spanish:
1. An opened door
2. A cleaned room
3. We have spoken.
4. Juan has cooked.
5. A cooked chicken
6. Roberta's brother is tired.
7. Juana's mother is educated.
8. Marcos has made the dessert.
9. She has opened the door.
10. Have you seen Milagros?
Answers
1. Una puerta abierta
2. Un cuarto limpiado
3. Hemos hablado.
4. Juan ha cocinado.
5. Un pollo cocinado
6. El hermano de Roberta está cansado.
7. La madre de Juana es educada.
8. Marcos tiene hecho el postre.
9. Ella ha abierto la puerta.
10. ¿Has visto a Milagros?
You can find the original non-AI version of this article here: Learn Spanish Lesson and the Past Participle.
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