M16 Assault Rifle XM16E1
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M16 Assault Rifle: XM16E1
Summary
In the 1960s, the U.S. Army began distributing the XM16E1 (later known as the M16) to infantry units. Initially, it was supplied without adequate cleaning kits. Additionally, changes in ammunition specs led to functional issues.
Article
During the 1960s, the U.S. Army introduced the XM16E1, which was later designated the M16, to infantry units. Unfortunately, the rifles were initially deployed without appropriate cleaning kits. Furthermore, changes made to the 5.56mm cartridge's powder specifications, intended to meet supply demands, were implemented without proper testing. This led to increased firing rates, accelerated wear on parts, and more frequent jamming due to the altered powder composition.
When the XM16E1 arrived in Vietnam in 1966, soldiers immediately faced malfunctions during combat. Unlike the M14, which had a chrome-lined barrel to prevent corrosion, the M16 lacked such a feature. This absence led to blockages and failures in critical situations, prompting a congressional investigation. Additional reviews questioned earlier reports on the effectiveness of the 5.56mm round, particularly its stopping power and penetration compared to the 7.62x39mm Soviet round.
In response, modifications were made to create the M16A1. This updated version included a chrome-lined barrel and chamber to prevent corrosion and cartridge sticking. The rifle's mechanisms were adapted to work better with the standardized 5.56mm ammunition. Cleaning tools and appropriate solvents were also issued. On February 28, 1967, the Army ordered 840,000 units of this updated version.
To address reliability issues, intensive weapon cleaning training was introduced, and a comic-style maintenance manual was distributed to troops. While these measures quickly improved the rifle's reliability, its reputation remained tarnished. Complaints about the 5.56mm cartridge's stopping power and penetration persisted throughout the Vietnam conflict.
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