The Canadian Political System
Below is a MRR and PLR article in category Society -> subcategory Politics.
The Canadian Political System
Overview
The Canadian political system, as we know it today, was crafted by the "Fathers of Confederation" at the Quebec Conference in 1864, and officially established with the Constitution Act of 1867. This act granted executive authority to Queen Victoria of Great Britain, forming the basis of Canada's current system. While it draws inspiration from the British model, today’s Canada operates as an independent federal state.Structure of the Government
Monarchy
Though Canada is independent, the British monarch remains the ceremonial head of state. However, the Queen’s role is symbolic, with the Canadian Parliament responsible for lawmaking. The Governor General acts as the Queen's representative in Canada, fulfilling royal duties in her absence. The Governor General, always a Canadian, is appointed by the Queen on the Prime Minister's recommendation and typically serves a five-year term.Parliament
Located in Ottawa, Canada’s Parliament consists of three main components:1. The Monarch - As the head of state.
2. The Senate - Comprising 105 senators appointed by the Governor General on the advice of the Prime Minister.
3. The House of Commons - Made up of elected members of Parliament (MPs).
The Parliament has the mandate to legislate for Canada's peace, order, and good governance, addressing areas like international policy, defense, immigration, criminal law, and customs.
The Senate
The Senate includes senators from across Canadian provinces and territories, appointed until age 75. Open to Canadian citizens over 30, Senators must meet specific equity criteria and reside in the province they represent.The Senate's primary function is to review and refine bills from the House of Commons, ensuring no unwarranted legislation is passed. While the Senate can introduce bills, it often approves House proposals, sending them for Royal Assent by the Governor General to become law.
House of Commons
The real legislative power resides in the House of Commons, where MPs are elected during federal elections, typically every five years. Canada is divided into constituencies; candidates with the most votes represent their areas in Parliament.Political parties play a crucial role, with the party winning the most seats forming the government. The major parties include the Liberal Party, Conservative Party, New Democratic Party, Bloc Québécois, and the Green Party.
The leader of the ruling party becomes the Prime Minister, who, along with the Cabinet, manages government operations. Cabinet ministers oversee various governmental areas like health and finance, supported by expert civil servants.
The opposition, holding the second-most seats, scrutinizes government decisions, holding it accountable. A strong government, with a substantial majority, can pass laws more effectively, while a weaker one may rely on coalition support.
Legislative Process: Making Laws
The legislative process begins in the House of Commons:1. First Reading: Introduction and printing of a proposed bill without debate.
2. Second Reading: Debate on the bill's principles, followed by a vote.
3. Committee Stage: A detailed examination, consultation, and reporting on the bill.
4. Report Stage: Debate and voting on amendments.
5. Third Reading: Final debate and voting; if successful, the bill advances to the Senate.
The Senate undertakes a similar process. If approved, the bill receives Royal Assent, becoming law.
For further details, visit [this link](http://www.onestopimmigration-canada.com/canadian_political_system.html).
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