Special Education Has Changed Over Time
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The Evolution of Special Education
Special education in the United States has significantly transformed since the end of World War II. This progress began when parent-organized advocacy groups emerged, notably with the American Association on Mental Deficiency holding its inaugural convention in 1947. This event marked a significant starting point for modern special education.
During the early 1950s, amidst the Civil Rights Movement, several advocacy groups, including the United Cerebral Palsy Association and the Muscular Dystrophy Association, alongside John F. Kennedy’s Panel on Mental Retardation, emerged. Their advocacy played a crucial role in integrating special education into schools nationwide by the 1960s, paving the way for children with disabilities to access education at state and local levels.
The efforts of these early advocacy groups laid the groundwork for the landmark Education for All Handicapped Children Act, passed by Congress in 1975 as Public Law 94-142. Effective from October 1977, this act mandated public schools to provide a “free appropriate public education” to students with various disabilities, including physical, speech, vision, and learning disorders.
In 1983, the law expanded to include parent training and information centers, and by 1986, the government initiated programs for children at risk of learning disabilities. The act was renamed the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) in 1990, and since then, it has supported over 6.5 million children and 200,000+ toddlers and infants annually.
Despite these advancements, special education often overlooks a critical factor: the underlying causes of learning disabilities, which are frequently linked to weak cognitive skills. Research indicates that 80% of students in special education have deficits in these skills, essential for processing and retaining information and understanding concepts. These cognitive skills differ from academic subjects like math or history.
Identifying and addressing weak cognitive skills through proper testing can enable learning centers to develop targeted plans to strengthen these areas. This personalized training can have life-long benefits, helping students overcome their disabilities. It's advisable to have your child undergo cognitive testing at specialized learning centers to create a tailored educational program that addresses their specific needs.
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