Biotechnology Timeline Important Events And Discoveries In Biotechnology
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Biotechnology Timeline: Key Milestones and Innovations
Overview
The field of biotechnology has witnessed groundbreaking advancements over the years. This timeline captures the significant events and discoveries that have shaped the industry.
1977
The era of biotechnology begins with Genentech, Inc. producing somatostatin, the first human protein synthesized in bacteria. This marked the inaugural use of a synthetic recombinant gene to clone a protein.
1978
Genentech and The City of Hope National Medical Center announce the successful laboratory production of human insulin using recombinant DNA technology. Meanwhile, Hutchinson and Edgell demonstrate the possibility of targeted mutations in DNA.
1979
Sir Walter Bodmer proposes using DNA technology to identify genetic disease markers, while John Baxter successfully clones the gene for human growth hormone.
1980
Insulin is produced in human form using E. coli, and researchers introduce a human gene coding for interferon into bacteria. Cohen and Boyer receive the first U.S. patent for gene cloning.
1981
Ohio University scientists create the first transgenic animals by gene transfers to mice, and China successfully clones a golden carp. The first gene-synthesizing machines are developed.
1982
Genentech receives FDA approval to market genetically engineered human insulin. Applied Biosystems introduces the first commercial gas phase protein sequencer.
1983
Kary B. Mullis invents the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the first artificial chromosome is synthesized, and genetic markers for inherited diseases are discovered.
1984
Chiron Corp. clones and sequences the entire HIV genome. Alec Jeffreys introduces DNA fingerprinting, and the first genetically engineered vaccine is developed.
1985
Cetus Corporation develops GeneAmp PCR technology, enabling rapid gene sequence replication. Scientists locate a gene marker for cystic fibrosis on chromosome 7.
1986
Chiron’s Recombivax HB, the first genetically engineered vaccine for hepatitis B, is approved. An automated DNA fluorescence sequencer is invented at Caltech and Applied Biosystems.
1987
The first outdoor tests of a frost-inhibiting engineered bacterium are permitted. Genentech's tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), sold as Activase, is approved for heart attack treatment.
1988
Harvard geneticists Philip Leder and Timothy Stewart receive the first patent for a genetically altered animal, a mouse predisposed to breast cancer.
1989
UC Davis scientists develop a recombinant vaccine against rinderpest. The Human Genome Project is launched, uniting international efforts to decode human genetics.
1990
The first gene therapy is conducted on a child with ADA deficiency. The Human Genome Project is formally launched.
1991
Mary-Claire King identifies a gene on chromosome 17 linked to breast and ovarian cancer. The first transgenic sheep, Tracey, is born.
1992
The first successful liver xenotransplant occurs. Chiron’s Proleukin is approved for treating renal cell cancer.
1993
The FDA declares genetically engineered foods as safe, leading to standards without special regulations. Chiron’s Betaseron becomes the first multiple sclerosis treatment in two decades.
1994
The Flavr Savr tomato, the first genetically engineered food product, gains FDA approval. The first breast cancer gene is discovered, and Genentech’s Nutropin is approved for growth hormone deficiency.
1995
Researchers at Duke University Medical Center successfully conduct cross-species heart transplants from pigs to baboons. Haemophilus influenzae becomes the first organism with a fully sequenced genome.
1996
Biogen’s Avonex is approved for multiple sclerosis. A gene linked to Parkinson’s disease opens new research avenues.
1997
Scotland’s Roslin Institute announces the cloning of Dolly the sheep from an adult ewe cell. The FDA approves Rituxan, the first antibody-based cancer therapy.
1998
The complete genome of the C. elegans worm is sequenced. Techniques for culturing embryonic stem cells are developed.
1999
A new diagnostic test is introduced for identifying the neurological disease BSE/CJD from cattle in humans.
2000
"Golden Rice," enriched with vitamin A, is developed. Cloned pigs are born under the guidance of Alan Coleman and his team.
2001
The human genome sequence is published in Science and Nature, propelling genetically-based disease treatment research.
2002
Rice becomes the first crop to have its genome fully sequenced.
2003
The Human Genome Project concludes with the complete sequencing of the human genome.
The biotechnology field continues to evolve, driving innovation and discovery in medicine, agriculture, and beyond.
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