American Civil War
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American Civil War
Overview
The American Civil War, fought from 1861 to 1865, primarily took place in the southern United States, but also affected eastern, central, and southwestern regions. This brutal conflict resulted in the defeat of the Confederacy (CSA). Key figures included Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis, both of whom are remembered as courageous leaders.
Casualties
The war was the deadliest in American history, with staggering losses:
- Killed in Action: 110,100
- Total Death Toll: 359,500
- Wounded: 275,200
With about 560,000 dead, this represented 1.78% of the population at the time, and the total number of casualties reached over 970,000, or 3.09% of the populace.
Causes and Controversies
The American Civil War's causes remain debated, as does the war's name. When Abraham Lincoln was elected President in 1860, seven Southern states moved toward secession, citing anti-slavery sentiments as a core concern:
- South Carolina (December 20, 1860)
- Mississippi (January 9, 1861)
- Florida (January 10, 1861)
- Alabama (January 11, 1861)
- Georgia (January 19, 1861)
- Louisiana (January 26, 1861)
- Texas (February 1, 1861)
Lincoln did not appear on the ballot in nine Southern states, reflecting the deep divisions in the nation. After his victory, South Carolina led the movement to dissolve ties with the Union, followed quickly by the other six states.
Formation of the Confederacy
By February 1, 1861, these states seceded and formed the Confederate States of America, establishing their capital in Montgomery, Alabama. March 4, 1861, marked Lincoln's inauguration, where he pledged not to invade the South but would protect federal property.
Outbreak of War
Despite Lincoln's assurances, Southern leaders, especially in South Carolina, disregarded his plea. On April 12, 1861, Confederate forces fired on Federal troops at Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor, leading to their surrender. This event is widely regarded as the start of the Civil War.
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