The Hepatitis B virus
Below is a MRR and PLR article in category Health Fitness -> subcategory Disease Illness.
Understanding the Hepatitis B Virus
Overview:
Hepatitis B, once known simply as serum hepatitis, has been recognized under its current name since World War II. It is a major health concern, particularly in parts of Asia and Africa, and is endemic in China and other Asian regions. Alarmingly, over one third of the global population has been infected with the Hepatitis B virus.
The Virus:
Hepatitis B belongs to the Hepadnavirus family. It is characterized by a core particle containing a double-stranded DNA genome, surrounded by a lipid-based envelope with embedded proteins. These proteins play crucial roles in the virus's ability to bind to and enter host cells. Once inside, the virus's DNA is transported to the cell nucleus where viral mRNAs are transcribed.
Although Hepatitis B and HIV (the virus causing AIDS) are unrelated, both utilize reverse transcription in their replication processes. Hepatitis B's reverse transcription occurs later in replication, converting its DNA genome into new viral particles. In contrast, HIV has an RNA genome and begins replication with reverse transcription.
Transmission:
Hepatitis B spreads primarily through direct exposure to infected bodily fluids. Common transmission methods include:
- Reusing contaminated needles and syringes
- Unsanitary blood transfusions
- Unprotected sexual contact
- Mother-to-child transmission during childbirth
Transmission modes vary by region. In places like North America, drug use and unprotected sex are primary vectors. In highly prevalent areas like China, mother-to-child transmission is more common. A mother with the Hepatitis B surface antigen has a 20% risk of transmitting the virus to her child at birth. This risk can surge to 90% if the mother is also positive for the hepatitis B e antigen.
Health Implications:
The age at infection significantly influences the body's ability to clear the virus. Chronic Hepatitis B infection can result in persistent liver inflammation, leading to cirrhosis and significantly increasing the risk of liver cancer.
Understanding the transmission and health effects of Hepatitis B is crucial for prevention and control efforts, especially in regions with high prevalence.
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