Uninterruptible Power Supplies - Design Functionality
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Uninterruptible Power Supplies: Design and Functionality
The design of an Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) is primarily influenced by its intended function and the level of protection needed for the load.
Types of UPS Systems
Offline UPS
At the simpler end of the spectrum, Desktop Offline UPS systems, typically under 1kVA, provide an unregulated, filtered power supply while maintaining the battery's charge through a separate charger. When the main power supply fails or experiences fluctuations, the inverter activates and connects to the load via a relay. This causes a brief pause known as transfer time.
Offline UPS systems are less suitable where large variations in power supply occur, as these can directly impact the load.
Line Interactive UPS
To address the limitations of Offline UPS systems, a Line Interactive UPS can be used. Similar in operation, the Line Interactive system activates the inverter during power failures or brownouts. Its major advantage is the active voltage regulator (AVR), which ensures constant voltage to the load, making it ideal for smaller office environments. These systems usually support up to 10kVA.
Double Conversion (True On-Line) UPS
For larger loads, Double Conversion UPS systems are often preferred. These consist of a rectifier, battery, inverter, and a static switch, and are known as True On-Line UPS. This type of system offers seamless protection for critical equipment, ensuring no interruption when switching power sources.
How It Works
A rectifier converts the AC supply to DC, powering both the inverter and the battery. If mains power fails or fluctuates beyond tolerance, the battery continues to provide DC power to the inverter without interruption. The inverter then converts this back to a controlled AC supply, shielding the load from surges, spikes, or sags.
Static Switch Advantage
An integral feature of Double Conversion UPS systems is the static switch?"a crucial electronic switch determining the power source for the load. It can select either the unprotected mains supply or the fully protected inverter supply. This capability is especially useful during overloads that exceed the inverter’s capacity, automatically redirecting power to the mains and back to the inverter once normal conditions resume.
In summary, selecting the appropriate UPS model depends on the specific power protection needs, ensuring reliable performance and safeguarding equipment against power disturbances.
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