TCP IP architecture model
Below is a MRR and PLR article in category Computers Technology -> subcategory Networks.
TCP/IP Architecture Model
Overview
Unlike the ISO/OSI reference model, the TCP/IP architecture is divided into four layers. Information exchange between these layers is precisely defined. Each layer utilizes the services of the layer below and provides services to the layer above.
Layers of the TCP/IP Model
1. Network Interface (Data Link) Layer
2. Network Layer
3. Transport Layer
4. Application Layer
Network Interface Layer
As the foundation of the TCP/IP model, the Network Interface Layer handles access to the physical transmission medium. Its implementation varies based on the specific medium.
Network Layer
The Network Layer manages network addressing, routing, and datagram transmission. Key protocols here include IP and ARP, which are vital for operations involving DHCP.
- IP Protocol: The core protocol of the network layer and the internet. It transmits datagrams, independent units containing details like destination, source, and sequence number. The sequence number is crucial for message reconstruction, as datagram order can vary, and delivery reliability isn't ensured.
- IP v4: Uses 32-bit addresses, supporting around 4 billion unique addresses, which is now insufficient.
- IP v6: Employs 128-bit addresses, offering enhanced security, QoS, packet segmentation, and a larger address pool. Transitioning to IPv6 requires system provider support.
- ARP Protocol: The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) identifies physical (MAC) addresses from known IP addresses. Using broadcast, ARP communicates the required address to all network stations. Stations respond with their MAC, or if the device is outside the segment, a router responds on its behalf.
Transport Layer
The Transport Layer, implemented only in terminal devices, customizes the network's behavior to meet the needs of devices and applications.
Application Layer
The Application Layer consists of programs that leverage network services to address user requirements. Specific protocols, such as FTP, DNS, and DHCP, operate here.
Applications use TCP, UDP, or both, distinguished by unique ports, which act as identifiers. Although ports can be modified in service settings, default ports are typically used as standard.
- FTP: Port 21
- DNS: Port 53
- DHCP: Ports 67 and 68
This streamlined model effectively defines how data is exchanged across networks, balancing simplicity with functionality.
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